Authors

Discussion

In Russia, political technology has metastasised. It now gives the Kremlin total control of domestic politics, and its methods are now used in other areas: foreign policy, Russian World, history and even Church affairs.

In Ukraine, the use of political technology has diminished since domestic reforms began in 2014. The oligarchy, which used to be the main sponsor of political technology, is in decline. No elections mean there is no opportunity for oligarchs to reboot their political influence. Incresingly, however, it is the Office of the President and other unreformed institutions, still part of a local Limited Access Order, that use informal politics, including political technology.