Discussion
Feminist mobilization in Russia has emerged idiosyncratically in response to evolving state configurations and social institutions, but nonetheless remains essentially shaped by Russian traditionalism. Over three notable periods in Russian history, that being: Enlightened Tsarism (1762 - 1881); the Soviet Union (1922-1991); and Contemporary Russia (2000-Present), Russian women have sought to influence overall understandings of feminist issues; all while operating in a state with significant variation of authoritarian norms that are historically rooted in Orthodox patriarchy (Kizenko, 2013; Perheentupa 2022). This paper analyzes the evolution of responses to the “Woman Question” in Russia and diagnoses a continuing theme in feminists’ response to Russian society’s unique imposition of idealised concepts of sex, sexism, and family life. Through extensive literature reviews and an analysis of primary sources from both explicit and implicit feminist movements in Russia, this paper creates a detailed narrative timeline that considers both the condition of women and the current state emphasis on conservative values. As feminist mobilization at the relatively progressive beginnings of these time periods is eventually, in all three cases, suppressed by the state for its potential destructiveness, it is clear that Russian women’s movements have to operate within the constrained framework that socially conservative influences on society provide. This forces much of Russian feminist resistance to adopt a covert function that, in some part, operationalizes and reinforces women’s perceived role in society, while covertly meeting their set goals (Ruthchild, 1983). Resistance that is unable to weaponize or at least operate within the traditionalism of Russian society is more likely to be met repressively, while material successes, although sometimes minimal, were the product of gendered positioning (Buckley, 2001). By establishing this theoretical infrastructure, this paper hopes to extract a predictive model based on pragmatic feminist historiographical methodology for the way feminist acts in Russia are manifested and responded to by domestic society.